S100A9 promotes binding between ubiquitin specific peptidase 10 (USP10) and phosphoglycerate mutase family member 5 (PGAM5), leading to the deubiquitination and stabilization of PGAM5, which increases mitochondrial ROS levels by promoting mitochondrial fission and subsequently inducing the growth and metastasis of HCC. Here, PGAM5 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.