Recent work has shown that innate immune signaling mediators such as IL1RAP, IL8/CXCR2, TLRs as well as myeloid derived suppressor cells are activated in MDS (Barreyro et al., 2012; Dimicoli et al., 2013; Wei et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2013; Rhyasen et al., 2013). The gene discussed is IL1RAP; the disease is myelodysplastic syndrome.