First, targeting TNFR1 by using specific TNFR1 antagonists or sTNF inhibitors resulted in amelioration of inflammation and apoptosis in various in vivo neurodegenerative disease models, such as models of multiple sclerosis (11, 12), Parkinson’s disease (13), and AD (14, 15). This evidence concerns the gene TNFRSF1A and Parkinson disease.