Mucosal IFN-γ levels were positively correlated with phage levels, and phages in patients with active UC induced more IFN-γ than in healthy individuals.69 Adiliaghdam F et al. found that bacteriophages enriched from non-inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) individuals could actively elicit atypical anti-inflammatory innate immune programs. This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and inflammatory bowel disease.