VCAM1 and malaria: Since both inflammatory cytokines and P. falciparum have been proposed to contribute to endothelial activation during malaria, changes in the surface expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were measured in a well-characterized human brain microvascular endothelial cell (HBMEC) line (7) after incubation with different cytokines and intact or lysed P. falciparum-infected red blood cells (iRBCs).