Treatment with RAAS inhibitors prior to admission was associated with tendentially lower concentrations of S-VCAM-1 [1717 (1108; 2332) vs. 3524 (2141; 5252) ng/ml, p = 0.058, Supplementary Table S1] in CS patients at admission, but no significant changes were detected in other time points or in other endothelial cell adhesion molecules or in AHF patients (Supplementary Table S1). Here, ESAM is linked to Cowden syndrome 1.