PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Humanized monoclonal antibodies to these targets (ipilimumab, anti-CTLA-4; pembrolizumab and nivolumab, anti-PD-1; atezolizumab, avelumab and durvalumab, anti-PD-L1) were then studied in patients with advanced melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer, demonstrating a significant survival benefit (1, 7–10).