IL6 and proximal spinal muscular atrophy: In line with the Th17 signature observed in SMA serum, we also detected increased serum levels of IL-1ß, IL-6, and IL-23 in pediatric and adult patients, which are important promoter of Th1/Th17 development and maintenance (Langrish et al., 2005; Acosta-Rodriguez et al., 2007; Villegas et al., 2019).