IL4 and proximal spinal muscular atrophy: In adult SMA patients, we observed a significant increase in serum levels of IL-1β (p < 0.001), IL-4 (p < 0.01), IL-6 (p < 0.01), IL-10 (p < 0.01), IFN-γ (p < 0.001), IL-17A (p < 0.001), IL-22 (p < 0.05), IL-23 (p < 0.001), IL-31 (p < 0.001), and IL-33 (p < 0.05), compared to healthy controls (Figures 1–3).