TNF and acute respiratory distress syndrome: Compared with the control group, the ALI group had increased levels of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF in the blood serum, and IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF in the lung tissue (Figures 3(a) and 3(b)).