The higher prevalence of the TNF-α/-238 promotor polymorphism in NAFLD or NASH patients, compared to controls, are reported in the Italian (Valenti et al., 2002), Mexican and Chinese (Hu et al., 2009; Zhou et al., 2010; Trujillo-Murillo et al., 2011) cohorts. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.