TNF and gastric cancer: Moreover, it was reported that CYP2C9 genetic polymorphisms were not only associated with the risk of developing GC but also with increased risk of the non-aspirin-non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-related GI bleeding, as well as interleukin-1b (IL-1b) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α) polymorphisms [27].