NPPA and heart failure: On the other hand, STAT3 activates the transcription regulator GATA4 (Snyder et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2018), thereby upregulating the expression of NPPA, MYH7, and MYH6 (Figure 7), which interacted with each other to regulate the structure and function of the sarcomere, resulting in heart failure and arrhythmias (Toepfer et al., 2020).