TNF and gout: Adding dietary fiber-rich β-carotene and green tea powder to the diet reduced joint swelling and pain in mice with gouty arthritis; decreased serum UA and three proinflammatory cytokines, namely, IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α); improved the gut microbiota profile; and decreased purine and pyrimidine metabolism (Feng et al., 2022).