TLR4 and Sepsis: Recognizing that nearly all targeted sepsis treatments have failed, they applied the four sepsis phenotypes to data from three randomized controlled trials that evaluated the efficacy of a toll-like receptor 4 inhibitor, early goal-directed therapy, or activated protein C. In a series of post-hoc trial simulations, they varied the proportions of each phenotype, yielding significant differences in treatment benefits and harms.