TNF and COVID-19: Severe COVID-19 is characterized by a cytokine storm, a surge in pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-2R/CD25, IL-10, IP-10, IL-2, IL-8, IL-17, G-CSF, GM-CSF, MCP1, and CCL3 (5, 128–130).