In the rat THS model, intra-thalamic injection of CXCR4 antagonist or glial inhibitor was sufficient to reduce neuronal and glial activation as well as mechanical pain hypersensitivity, further supporting that neuroinflammation mediated by SDF1-CXCR4 signaling is associated with pain (Yang et al., 2017a). Here, CXCL12 is linked to Tolosa-Hunt syndrome.