HMOX1 and diabetes mellitus: Moreover, multiple studies have shown that saffron and its constituents by affecting the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway can prevent some diseases such as cancer, ulcerative colitis, and diabetes by different mechanisms such as inducing anti-oxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx), reducing lipid peroxidation (MDA) and inflammation, inducing apoptosis in cancer cells and particularly inducing the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway leading to reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.