TNF and viral infectious disease: Several treatments act as effective tools in viral infections, such as gene therapy; administration of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, pegylated interferon-α (IFN-α), and ribavirin; recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) antagonist treatment; and highly active antiretroviral therapy, which includes multiple antiretroviral agents; or a combination of these therapies (Lehtoranta et al., 2020; Lopez-Santamarina et al., 2020).