Specifically, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells were increased by 50% in GCSF-treated groups compared to groups without GCSF treatment (78). Treatment of primary cell cultures derived from glioblastoma patients and the glioma cell lines T98G, U251, and U87 with GCSFR antibody resulted in a significant decrease in the frequency of BrdU-positive cells and colony formation rate by an average of 15% compared to those without treatment (78). Here, CSF3R is linked to glioma.