Consistent with these findings, a study of brain age in older adults with and without diabetes found in all participants an association of higher brain-PAD with higher TNFα levels, lower verbal fluency and more depressive symptoms (64), and a study in healthy adult volunteers found that the administration of an anti-inflammatory drug resulted in a temporary reduction of brain-PAD (65), supporting the role of peripheral TNFα in aging-related pro-inflammatory alterations of brain structure and processes. Here, TNF is linked to diabetes mellitus.