TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: The previous studies identified ROCK signaling is needed for TNFα and IL-1β-induced activation of NF-κB in FLS and other cells from RA patients (46, 47); for IL-1β-induced production of IL-6, IL-8, and GM-CSF by FLS, and of IL-6 and IL-8 by endothelial cells, and for the increased adhesion of neutrophils and endothelial cells from RA patients (46).