TNF and COVID-19: These miRNAs target several pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes (e.g., TNF, CCL2, CXCL9, CXCL10, IL10, VEGFA) as well as cytokine and chemokine receptors and transduction factors (IL1R1, IL2RA, IFNAR2), reported as upregulated and associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients (44, 45).