IFNG and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A study of murine and human premalignant lesions for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma reported elevated levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17 in premalignant lesions, which was dependent on IL-23 and accompanied by an increase in IFN-γ+ CD4+ T cells (100, 139).