Programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibits anti-tumor immunity and promotes tumor immune escape by establishing an immunosuppressive microenvironment, whereas M2 macrophages (Mφs) are known to infiltrate the tumor microenvironment (TME) and promote tumor progression by damaging the immune response of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.