In addition to PD-L1, EVs transported to Mφs can promote the expression of cytokines IL-6, IL-10, and MCP-1 by activating the Janus kinase 2-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) pathway, leading to immunosuppression of Mφs and promotion of tumor development (68). Here, STAT3 is linked to neoplasm.