INS and Insulin resistance: Hyperinsulinemia is both the cause and the consequence of insulin resistance.118 The activation of PI3K and phosphorylation of AKT are blunted in human myoblasts under continuous high insulin exposure.119 PI3K is also inhibited by the activation of glucocorticoid receptor, which contributes to insulin resistance in Cushing’s syndrome.120 Adipose tissue inflammation is another cause of impaired insulin tolerance.