TNF and neoplasm: Hypoxia and lactic acid polarized TAMs produce a wide range of soluble factors including VEGF, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and basic fibroblast growth factors (bFGF) as well as inflammatory cytokines including TGFβ, IL-1β, TNFα, and CCL18 to promote tumor growth, angiogenesis, tumor plasticity, and metastasis [3, 43, 44].