CDH1 and cancer: As for the TJ formation–promoting activity of LPA in an E-cadherin-based cell adhesion–independent manner in E-cadherin-KO and αE-catenin-KO and the AJC organization–promoting activity of LPA in afadin-KO EpH4 cells, these activities may operate in various cancers in which E-cadherin, αE-catenin, or afadin is lost or downregulated (59, 60, 61).