Established inhibitors for caspase-1/4 (VX-765) and the NLRP3 inflammasome (MCC950) [39, 40] significantly attenuated IL-1β (Fig. 5B, C) and IL-18 levels (Fig. 5B, D) in poly I:C-stimulated hypoxic co-culture supernatants, confirming the NLRP3 inflammasome as the predominant inflammasome in this human CKD model. Here, NLRP3 is linked to chronic kidney disease.