Hippocampal injury and inflammation highlighted by pyknotic neuronal cells [77], activation of microglial cells [13], upregulation of toll-like receptor-4 [78], increased levels of keratinocyte-derived chemokine, and increased levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [79] within the hippocampus of renal ischemia reperfusion injury-induced AKI mouse models provide further evidence for a direct pathological role for AKI in delirium. Here, CSF3 is linked to acute kidney injury.