ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CHF: congestive heart failure; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; TIA: transient ischemic attack; UACR: urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio; VKA: vitamin K antagonist. Here, ACE is linked to congestive heart failure.