In line with this hypothesis, AHR is known to mediate metabolism-related syndromes including obesity, insulin resistance, and liver fibrosis, and cardiovascular conditions such as cardiac hypertrophy (Kerley-Hamilton et al. 2012; Carreira et al. 2015; Brulport et al. 2017; Duval et al. 2017; Girer et al. 2020; Bock 2021). Here, AHR is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.