TNF and age-related macular degeneration: Preventive administration of the chrysanthemum extract improved both the function and morphology of the retina, reduced the production of ROS by increasing the SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px activities, decreased the expression of NF-кB and apoptosis, and reduced the expression TNF-α and aseptic inflammation; this finding indicates that chrysanthemum has a potential as a traditional Chinese medicine for protecting the retina from light-induced damage, which is related to the pathogenesis of AMD.