PDPN and neoplasm: Differential gene expression analysis by Seurat34,35 identified 160 genes uniquely upregulated in tumor cells compared with TAF and normal kidney, including genes previously reported (e.g., GPNMB8, SQSTM1/p6236, MMP237, PTGDS38) and genes involved in tumor metastasis (e.g. MMP11, MDK, DCN, PDPN) (Fig. 1g, Supplementary Fig. 3b, Supplementary data 1).