More recently, TBK1 hydroxylation was identified and found to induce pVHL and phosphatase binding, which decreases its phosphorylation and enzyme activity, while the loss of pVHL hyperactivates TBK1 and promotes tumor development in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) [27,43]. This evidence concerns the gene TBK1 and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.