C3 and Ureteral obstruction: In these in vivo experiments, we showed interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, and cast formation by EMT of the nephrotubulus with increases in C3 and TGF-β1 in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) kidney in wild-type mice, whereas C3-deficient mice showed no renal injury, indicating that C3 induces EMT and dedifferentiation of epithelial cells to mesenchymal cells [5].