JUP and periodontitis: In fact, according to a quantitative analysis, it was estimated that patients with severe periodontitis swallowed approximately 1012~1013 Pg per day (Boutaga et al., 2007; Saygun et al., 2011; He et al., 2012), oral gavage of Pg once or for five weeks in mice have been reported to change gut microbiota with Bacteroidetes increased and Firmicutes decreased, indicating an inflammatory state (Nakajima et al., 2015; Kato et al., 2018).