Stat3 phosphorylation also has roles in defining cell identity and differentiation, where pTyr705-Stat3 induces an epithelial phenotype and pSer727-Stat3 a mesenchymal phenotype in pancreatic and lung cancers (25), and pTyr705-Stat3 maintains pluripotency whilst pSer727-Stat3 induces differentiation in embryonic stem cells (26). This evidence concerns the gene STAT3 and lung carcinoma.