Interestingly, non-enzymatic carbamylation of lysine side-chains (six residues in LL37) and/or of the N-terminus of the LL37 peptide, appeared to be very important in SLE, since carbamylate-LL37-specific antibodies and CD4+ T-cells, both correlated with disease progression, circulate in SLE patients serum (Lande et al., 2021). Here, CD4 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.