In our opinion, although the identification of neoantigens is still challenging, the combination of analyses of genome and transcriptome using next generation sequencing technology (Wu et al., 2018), combined with direct molecular evidence provided by mass-spectrometry of the true presence of MHC-restricted neoantigens has opened for formidable possibilities to unambiguously identify cancer- and other disease-associated neoantigens (Zhang X. et al., 2019). Here, HLA-C is linked to cancer.