NFKB1 and acute respiratory distress syndrome: Moreover, in a preclinical model of ALI resulting from intestinal ischemia-reperfusion, the injection of MSCs-derived exosomes reduced alveolar and interstitial edema, pulmonary hemorrhage, and inflammatory cell infiltration while downregulating the expressions of TLR4 and NF-kB, thereby reducing apoptosis in lung tissue (121).