Lithium-induced blockade of Bax and p53 upregulation during excitotoxicity in primary neurons (Chen and Chuang, 1999) and valproate-mediated blockade of p53 upregulation after cerebral ischemia (Kim et al., 2007) are most likely mediated by inhibition of GSK-3 and HDACs, respectively. This evidence concerns the gene BAX and brain ischemia.