The stroma of colon cancer forms a complex ecosystem containing immune cells, endothelial cells, and CAFs, with the latter characterized by overexpression of marker proteins, including alpha–smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and fibroblast-activated protein (FAP) (10, 11); these provide a niche for cancer cells to modulate tumor invasion and growth (12, 13). Here, ACTA1 is linked to neoplasm.