CCL5 and glioblastoma: NS5 of TBEV, JEV, WNV, ZIKV, DENV activates RANTES expression in human glioblastoma cells (and also primary astrocytes for TBEV NS5). TBEV NS5 upregulates RIG-I and MDA5 and, due to its RdRp activity, upregulates the phosphorylation of IRF3 and induces its translocation to the nucleus and binding to ISRE of RANTES promoter.