H2AX and infection: We found that both PEDV strains dramatically induced ATM phosphorylation on Ser1981, ATR phosphorylation on Thr1989, ATM substrate Chk2 phosphorylation on Thr68, and H2AX phosphorylation on Ser139 (γH2AX) at the late infection stage (Figure 1A,B), consistent with the previous observation in Vero cells upon infection with an epidemic PEDV strain SHpd/2012 [28].