However, surprisingly, we observed FoxO1 and FoxO3 downregulation in cells in which we did not observe upregulated levels of miR-183/96/182 during the time course of infection (e.g., HEK293 (Supplemental Figure S5A)), indicating additional mechanisms other than miRNAs for the depletion of FoxO family members late in infection. This evidence concerns the gene FOXO1 and infection.