TNF and cancer: Huang et al. analyzed 16 active ingredients purified from Epimedium using system pharmacology models and established that icaritin (ICT) could promote infiltration of CD8+ T cells into TME by up-regulating chemotaxis (e.g., CXCL9 and CXCL 10), resulting in inhibition of cancer in Lewis lung cancer (LLC) tumor-bearing mice with downregulated immunosuppressive cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-6) [72].