EPCAM and neoplasm: Electrochemical aptasensors for cancer biomarkers can be divided into three groups including: (1) those detecting protein tumor biomarkers such as PSA, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and mucin 1 (MUC1); (2) electrochemical aptasensors for detecting circulating tumor cells (CTCs), such as EpCAM; and (3) electrochemical aptasensors for exosomes (i.e., oncoproteins, RNA, and DNA fragments) such as CD63 [23].