HK1 and cancer: This heterodimer specifically binds to a 5′-RCGTG-3′ hypoxia-responsive element (HRE) sequence in the promoter or enhancer of various hypoxia-inducible genes, which includes erythropoietin, vascular endothelial growth factor, glucose transporters, and glycolytic enzymes, as well as genes involved in iron metabolism, and cancer cell and cancer stem cell survival [38].