AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: In Malaysia, there have been recommendations to use AFP and/or liver ultrasonography to screen high-risk groups, specifically hepatitis B carriers (Asian males ≥ 40 years, Asian females ≥ 50 years), all cirrhotic hepatitis B regardless of age, family history of HCC, and liver cirrhosis (hepatitis C, alcoholic cirrhosis, genetic hemochromatosis, primary biliary cirrhosis), based on a report by the Malaysian Health Technology Assessment Section.