TNF and cardiac hypertrophy: Data from the literature indicate that the increase in collagen content in the heart as well as the presence of cardiac hypertrophy, together with RAS (renin angiotensin system) and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha) represent an important component for the development of cardiac remodeling [34,43], resulting in a decreased contractile capacity of the heart and increased heart tenseness [34], which is also confirmed in our study taking into account the increase in dp/dt max and decrease in dp/dt min as a marker of cardiodynamic properties.