In vitro (human whole blood) investigations have found that Ole (104 μM) reduces IL-1 relative to the other olive oil phenols and induces a decrease in the expressions of IL-6, iNOS, NF-kB, and JNK in murine RAW 264.7 cells at 300 μM [1], while the effects of Ole on colonic biopsies taken from human patients with ulcerative colitis showed that Ole decreases COX and IL-17, which are upregulated in this disease. Here, IL17A is linked to ulcerative colitis.